A study in humans characterized piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) expression in six forensically relevant biological fluids and stains (venous blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and skin) using massively parallel sequencing [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A study in humans using massively parallel sequencing identified the piR-hsa-4946 as an absolute specific marker for semen, demonstrating high specificity in pairwise comparisons with other body fluids/tissues [Liu et al. DOI:10.3390/genes13091530].