A study in humans demonstrated that the expression profiles of the piR-hsa-21000 collectively exhibited acceptable discriminating ability for most forensically relevant biological samples, including venous blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and skin [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A study in humans identified the piR-hsa-21000 as an absolute specific marker for semen, demonstrating high specificity in pairwise comparisons and moderate expression levels [Liu et al. DOI:10.3390/genes13091530].