A study in humans demonstrated that the expression profile of the piR-hsa-28223 provided valuable information for discriminating forensically relevant biological fluids, with a panel of 37 candidate piRNAs achieving a classification error rate of 0.04 in a PLS-DA model [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A study in human forensic samples identified the piR-hsa-28223 as an absolute specific marker (ASM) for vaginal secretion, demonstrating high specificity with level III specificity in one pairwise comparison and level II in four comparisons, alongside moderate expression [Liu et al. DOI:10.3390/genes13091530].