A study in humans demonstrated that the piR-hsa-28478 was not identified among the 376 piRNAs initially characterized from forensically relevant biological fluids, and subsequent validation of selected candidates did not include this specific piRNA [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A review of non-coding RNAs in forensic science also did not report any specific findings or applications for the piR-hsa-28478 in areas such as body fluid identification, postmortem interval estimation, or cause of death determination [Li et al. DOI:10.1093/fsr/owad003]. A study in humans demonstrated that piR-hsa-28478, identified via massively parallel sequencing in aged blood samples, is negatively correlated with aging (Pearson r = -0.584 in MPS, r = -0.499 in RT-PCR) [Fang et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-023-03028-8].