A study in humans demonstrated that the expression profiles of the piR-hsa-1681 exhibited acceptable discriminating ability for most forensically relevant biological samples, including venous blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and skin [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A study in humans demonstrated that the piR-hsa-1681 is involved in prostate cancer [Fang et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-023-03028-8].