A study in humans demonstrated that the expression profile of the piR-hsa-23317 provided valuable information for discriminating forensically relevant biological fluids, with a panel of 37 piRNA candidates achieving a classification error rate of 0.04 in a PLS-DA model [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.015]. A study in humans demonstrated that the piR-hsa-23317 exhibited statistically significant expression differences between at least two types of forensically relevant body fluids, including venous blood, saliva, semen, menstrual blood, and vaginal secretions [Wang et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.01.002].